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Kiev ()〔("Kiev" ). ''Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary''.〕 or Kyiv ((ウクライナ語:Київ) ; (ロシア語:Киев) (:ˈkʲiɪf)) is the capital and largest city of Ukraine, located in the north central part of the country on the Dnieper River. The population in July 2013 was 〔 (though higher estimated numbers have been cited in the press),〔The most recent Ukrainian census, conducted on 5 December 2001, gave the population of Kiev as 2 611 300 ((Ukrcensus.gov.ua – Kyiv city ) Web address accessed on 4 August 2007). Estimates based on the amount of bakery products sold in the city (thus including temporary visitors and commuters) suggest a minimum of 3.5 million. "(There are up to 1.5 mln undercounted residents in Kiev )", ''Korrespondent'', 15 June 2005〕 making Kiev the 8th largest city in Europe. Kiev is an important industrial, scientific, educational, and cultural centre of Eastern Europe. It is home to many high-tech industries, higher education institutions and world-famous historical landmarks. The city has an extensive infrastructure and highly developed system of public transport, including the Kiev Metro. The city's name is said to derive from the name of Kyi, one of its four legendary founders (see Name, below). During its history, Kiev, one of the oldest cities in Eastern Europe, passed through several stages of great prominence and relative obscurity. The city probably existed as a commercial centre as early as the 5th century. A Slavic settlement on the great trade route between Scandinavia and Constantinople, Kiev was a tributary of the Khazars,〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Kiev )〕 until seized by the Varangians (Vikings) in the mid-9th century. Under Varangian rule, the city became a capital of the Kievan Rus', the first East Slavic state. Completely destroyed during the Mongol invasion in 1240, the city lost most of its influence for the centuries to come. It was a provincial capital of marginal importance in the outskirts of the territories controlled by its powerful neighbours; first the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, followed by Poland and Russia.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Kiev (Ukraine) – Britannica Online Encyclopedia )〕 The city prospered again during the Russian Empire's Industrial Revolution in the late 19th century. In 1917, after the Ukrainian National Republic declared independence from the Russian Empire, Kiev became its capital. From 1919 Kiev was an important center of the Armed Forces of South Russia and was controlled by the White Army. From 1921 onwards Kiev was a city of the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic, which was proclaimed by the Red Army, and, from 1934, Kiev was its capital. During World War II, the city again suffered significant damage, but quickly recovered in the post-war years, remaining the third largest city of the Soviet Union. Following the collapse of the Soviet Union and Ukrainian independence in 1991, Kiev remained the capital of Ukraine and experienced a steady migration influx of ethnic Ukrainians from other regions of the country. During the country's transformation to a market economy and electoral democracy, Kiev has continued to be Ukraine's largest and richest city. Kiev's armament-dependent industrial output fell after the Soviet collapse, adversely affecting science and technology. But new sectors of the economy such as services and finance facilitated Kiev's growth in salaries and investment, as well as providing continuous funding for the development of housing and urban infrastructure. Kiev emerged as the most pro-Western region of Ukraine where parties advocating tighter integration with the European Union dominate during elections.〔 (Виборчі комісії фіксують перемогу опозиційних кандидатів у Києві )〕〔 (Interactive parliamentary election 2012 result maps ) by Ukrayinska Pravda (Election results in Ukraine since 1998 ), Central Election Commission of Ukraine (Nations and Nationalism: A Global Historical Overview ), ABC-CLIO, 2008, ISBN 1851099077 (page 1629) (Ukraine on its Meandering Path Between East and West ) by Andrej Lushnycky and Mykola Riabchuk, Peter Lang, 2009, ISBN 303911607X (page 122) (After the parliamentary elections in Ukraine: a tough victory for the Party of Regions ), Centre for Eastern Studies (7 November 2012) (Communist and Post-Communist Parties in Europe ) by Uwe Backes and Patrick Moreau, Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 2008, ISBN 978-3-525-36912-8 (page 396) (Party of Regions gets 185 seats in Ukrainian parliament, Batkivschyna 101 - CEC ), Interfax-Ukraine (12 November 2012) (UDAR submits to Rada resolution on Ukraine’s integration with EU ), Interfax-Ukraine (8 January 2013) (Electronic Bulletin "Your Choice - 2012". Issue 4: Batkivshchyna ), Ukrainian Center for Independent Political Research (24 October 2012) (Ukraine's Party System in Transition? The Rise of the Radically Right-Wing All-Ukrainian Association "Svoboda" ) by Andreas Umland, Centre for Geopolitical Studies (1 May 2011)〕 ==Name== Currently, ''Kiev'' is the traditional and most commonly used English name for the city,〔In 2008, the Oxford English Dictionary included 19 quotations with 'Kiev' and none with any other spelling. This spelling is also given by Britannica and Columbia Encyclopedia.〕 but in 1995 the Ukrainian government adopted ''Kyiv'' as the mandatory romanization for use in legislative and official acts.〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://www.uazone.net/Kiev_Kyiv.html )〕 As a prominent city with a long history, its English name was subject to gradual evolution. The early English spelling was derived from Old East Slavic form ''Kyjev'' (Cyrillic: Къıєвъ〔The form "Къıєвъ" (Kyiev) is used in old Rus chronicles like (Lavretian Chronicle ) (Мстиславъ Къıєвьскъıи, Mstislav Kyievski; Къıӕне, Kyiene (Kievans)), (Novgorod Chronicles ) and others.〕). The name is associated with that of Kyi (Кий), the legendary eponymous founder of the city. Early English sources use various names, including ''Kiou'', ''Kiow'', ''Kiew'', ''Kiovia''. On one of the oldest English maps of the region, ''Russiae, Moscoviae et Tartariae'' published by Ortelius (London, 1570) the name of the city is spelled ''Kiou''. On the 1650 map by Guillaume de Beauplan, the name of the city is ''Kiiow'', and the region was named ''Kÿowia''. In the book ''Travels'', by Joseph Marshall (London, 1772), the city is referred to as ''Kiovia''.〔 Originally published: London, J. Almon, 1773, .〕 While the choice of these spellings has likely been influenced by the Polish name of the city ((ポーランド語:Kijów)) as until the mid-17th century the city was controlled by Poland, the name ''Kiev'' that started to take hold at later times, likely originates on the basis of Russian orthography and pronunciation , during a time when Kiev was in the Russian Empire (since 1708, a seat of a governorate). In English, ''Kiev'' was used in print as early as in 1804 in the John Cary's "New map of Europe, from the latest authorities" in "Cary's new universal atlas" published in London. The English travelogue titled ''New Russia: Journey from Riga to the Crimea by way of Kiev'', by Mary Holderness was published in 1823. By 1883, the Oxford English Dictionary included ''Kiev'' in a quotation. ''Kiev'' is also based on the old Ukrainian language spelling of the city name and was used by Ukrainians and their ancestors from the time of Kievan Rus until only about the last century.〔Edward Burstynsky, former head of the Linguistics department at the University of Toronto, cited by Andrew Gregorovich in (Kiev or Kyiv? ), ''FORUM Ukrainian Review'', No. 92, Spring 1995〕 ''Kyiv'' () is the romanized version of the name of the city used in modern Ukrainian. Following independence in 1991, the Ukrainian government introduced the national rules for transliteration of geographic names from Ukrainian into English. According to the rules, the Ukrainian Київ transliterates into ''Kyiv''. This has established the use of the spelling ''Kyiv'' in all official documents issued by the governmental authorities since October 1995. The spelling is used by the United Nations, all English-speaking foreign diplomatic missions,〔Embassies of (Australia ), (Great Britain ), (Canada ), (United States )〕 several international organizations,〔The list includes NATO, (OSCE ), (World Bank )〕 Encarta encyclopedia, and by some media in Ukraine.〔''Kyiv Post'', the leading English language publication in Ukraine.〕 In October 2006, the United States federal government changed its official spelling of the city name to ''Kyiv'', upon the recommendation of the US Board of Geographic Names.〔(U.S. Begins to Spell Kiev as Kyiv ) About.com Geography, Friday 20 October 2006〕 The British government has also started using Kyiv.〔(GenocideUKraine – epetition response ) The National Archives, The official site of the Prime Minister's Office, Friday 31 July 2009〕 The alternate romanizations ''Kyyiv'' (BGN/PCGN transliteration) and ''Kyjiv'' (scholarly) are also in use in English-language atlases. Most major English-language news sources like the BBC〔(Q&A: Chernobyl 20 years on ) BBC News 2006/04/26〕 continue to use ''Kiev''. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Kiev」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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